[Association between sharing meals with parents or guardians and obesity in Brazilian adolescents]. / Associação entre realização de refeições com os pais ou responsáveis e obesidade em adolescentes brasileiros.

The study aimed to analyze the association between sharing lunch or supper with parents/guardians and obesity in Brazilian adolescents participating in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (ERICA in Portuguese). This was a cross-sectional, school-based study with adolescents 12 to 17 years of age. Obesity was classified by body mass index based on World Health Organization criteria, according to age and sex. The association between obesity and sharing lunch and supper with parents/guardians (never, sometimes, almost every day, and every day) was analyzed according to crude and sex- and age-adjusted prevalence ratios. A total of 71,740 adolescents were assessed. Of these, 48% and 60% of girls and 56% and 65% of boys, respectively, shared lunch and supper every day or nearly every day. Boys who shared lunch and supper with their parents/guardians nearly every day and every day showed lower prevalence of obesity. Stratified by age bracket, only younger boys that ate lunch with their parents/guardians sometimes (PR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.46-0.89), nearly every day (PR = 0.50; 95%CI: 0.37-0.69), and every day (PR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.49-0.85) and supper with their parents/guardians every day (PR = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.43-0.87) showed lower prevalence of obesity. The findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy eating behaviors in the family setting as part of strategies to prevent obesity in adolescents.

Associação entre realização de refeições com os pais ou responsáveis e obesidade em adolescentes brasileiros / Association between sharing meals with parents or guardians and obesity in Brazilian adolescents / Asociación entre realización de comidas con los padres o tutores y obesidad en adolescentes brasileños

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a associação da frequência de almoçar e jantar com os pais/responsáveis e obesidade em adolescentes brasileiros participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). Estudo seccional, de base escolar, com adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos. A obesidade foi classificada pelo índice de massa corporal baseado nos critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde, segundo idade e sexo. A associação entre obesidade e almoço e jantar com os pais/responsáveis (nunca, às vezes, quase todos os dias e todos os dias) foi investigada pela razão de prevalência bruta e ajustada para estratos de sexo e faixa etária. Foram avaliados 71.740 adolescentes. Desses, almoçavam e jantavam com os pais/responsáveis todos os dias ou quase todos os dias, respectivamente, cerca de 48% e 60% das meninas e 56% e 65% dos meninos. Os meninos que almoçavam e jantavam com os pais/responsáveis quase todos os dias e todos os dias apresentaram menor prevalência de obesidade. Na estratificação por faixa etária, apenas os meninos mais novos que afirmaram almoçar com os pais/responsáveis às vezes (RP = 0,64; IC95%: 0,46-0,89), quase todos os dias (RP = 0,50; IC95%: 0,37-0,69) e todos os dias (RP = 0,65; IC95%: 0,49-0,85) e jantar com os pais/responsáveis todos os dias (RP = 0,61; IC95%: 0,43-0,87) apresentaram menor prevalência de obesidade. Os achados reforçam a importância da promoção de comportamentos alimentares saudáveis no ambiente familiar como parte das estratégias de prevenção da obesidade em adolescentes.

Abstract: The study aimed to analyze the association between sharing lunch or supper with parents/guardians and obesity in Brazilian adolescents participating in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (ERICA in Portuguese). This was a cross-sectional, school-based study with adolescents 12 to 17 years of age. Obesity was classified by body mass index based on World Health Organization criteria, according to age and sex. The association between obesity and sharing lunch and supper with parents/guardians (never, sometimes, almost every day, and every day) was analyzed according to crude and sex- and age-adjusted prevalence ratios. A total of 71,740 adolescents were assessed. Of these, 48% and 60% of girls and 56% and 65% of boys, respectively, shared lunch and supper every day or nearly every day. Boys who shared lunch and supper with their parents/guardians nearly every day and every day showed lower prevalence of obesity. Stratified by age bracket, only younger boys that ate lunch with their parents/guardians sometimes (PR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.46-0.89), nearly every day (PR = 0.50; 95%CI: 0.37-0.69), and every day (PR = 0.65; 95%CI: 0.49-0.85) and supper with their parents/guardians every day (PR = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.43-0.87) showed lower prevalence of obesity. The findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy eating behaviors in the family setting as part of strategies to prevent obesity in adolescents.

Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la asociación de la frecuencia de comer y cenar con los padres/tutores y la obesidad en adolescentes brasileños participantes del Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA). Se trata de un estudio seccional, con base escolar, en adolescentes de 12 a 17 años. La obesidad fue clasificada por el índice de masa corporal, basado en los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, según edad y sexo. La asociación entre obesidad, comida y cena con los padres/tutores (nunca, a veces, casi todos los días y todos los días) se investigó por la razón de prevalencia bruta y ajustada para estratos de sexo y franja de edad. Se evaluaron a 71.740 adolescentes. De esos, comían y cenaban con los padres/responsables todos los días o casi todos los días, respectivamente, cerca de un 48% y un 60% de las niñas y un 56% y 65% de los niños. Los niños que comían y cenaban con los padres/responsables casi todos los días y todos los días presentaron menor prevalencia de obesidad. En la estratificación por franja de edad, solamente los niños más jóvenes que afirmaron comer con los padres/responsables a veces (RP = 0,64; IC95%: 0,46-0,89), casi todos los días (RP = 0,50; IC95%: 0,37-0,69) y todos los días (RP = 0,65; IC95%: 0,49-0,85) y cenar con los padres/responsables todos los días (RP = 0,61; IC95%: 0,43-0,87) presentaron menor prevalencia de obesidad. Los resultados refuerzan la importancia de la promoción de comportamientos alimentarios saludables en el ambiente familiar como parte de las estrategias de prevención de la obesidad en adolescentes.

Trends of self-rated health in relation to overweight in the adult population in Brazilian Midwest capitals. / Tendências da autoavaliação de saúde em relação ao excesso de peso na população adulta residente nas capitais do Centro-Oeste do Brasil.

OBJECTIVE:: To estimate the trends of self-rated health in relation to overweight in the adult population of the capitals of the Brazilian Midwest region and the Federal District. METHODS:: Cross-sectional study with a population aged 20 to 59 years, using data from the Telephone-based Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases (VIGITEL), performed between 2008 and 2014. The estimates using the complex sampling design were made using simple linear regression, trend graphs and Boxplot. RESULTS:: The categories "poor" and "very poor" didn't increase in the analyzed period. There was an average increase of 0.5 percentage point per year in the categories "fair" and "good" and an average decrease of 1.0 percentage point in the category "very good". The trend analysis of mean body mass index found there was a progressive growth in all cities. The worst health perceptions showed higher values of body mass index in both sexes. We observed the existence of obese people assessing their health positively. CONCLUSION:: Self-rated health remained relatively constant whereas the body mass index continued to grow between 2008 and 2014. The self-rated health of individuals with high body mass index (>30 kg/m2) does not seem to be directly related to their weight. Therefore, it is important to analyze the association of these two variables controlling for morbidity, health behaviors (smoking and alcohol consumption, physical activity and diet), and sociodemographic factors.

Tendências da autoavaliação de saúde em relação ao excesso de peso na população adulta residente nas capitais do Centro-Oeste do Brasil / Trends of self-rated health in relation to overweight in the adult population in Brazilian Midwest capitals

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estimar as tendências da autoavaliação de saúde em relação ao excesso de peso na população adulta residente nas capitais da região Centro-Oeste e no Distrito Federal. Método: Estudo transversal com população entre 20 e 59 anos, utilizando dados de inquéritos telefônicos de base populacional do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas (VIGITEL), realizados entre os anos de 2008 e 2014. As estimativas foram feitas considerando o planejamento amostral complexo, utilizando-se regressão linear simples, gráficos de tendência e Boxplot. Resultados: As categorias "ruim" e "muito ruim" não tiveram alteração no período analisado. Observou-se aumento médio de 0,5 ponto percentual para as categorias "regular" e "bom", e diminuição média de 1,0 ponto percentual na categoria "muito bom". Na análise de tendência das médias do índice de massa corporal, verificou-se aumento progressivo em todas as cidades. Nas piores percepções de saúde, constatou-se valores mais elevados do índice de massa corporal em ambos os sexos. Observou-se a existência de pessoas obesas autoavaliando sua saúde de maneira positiva. Conclusão: A autoavaliação de saúde se manteve relativamente constante enquanto o índice de massa corporal seguiu tendência crescente entre 2008 e 2014 nas capitais do Centro-Oeste e no Distrito Federal. A autoavaliação de saúde dos indivíduos com índice de massa corporal elevado (> 30 kg/m2) parece não ter relação direta com seu peso. É importante analisar a associação dessas duas variáveis, controlando-as por morbidades, comportamentos de saúde (etilismo e tabagismo, atividade física e alimentação) e fatores sociodemográficos.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To estimate the trends of self-rated health in relation to overweight in the adult population of the capitals of the Brazilian Midwest region and the Federal District. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a population aged 20 to 59 years, using data from the Telephone-based Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases (VIGITEL), performed between 2008 and 2014. The estimates using the complex sampling design were made using simple linear regression, trend graphs and Boxplot. Results: The categories "poor" and "very poor" didn't increase in the analyzed period. There was an average increase of 0.5 percentage point per year in the categories "fair" and "good" and an average decrease of 1.0 percentage point in the category "very good". The trend analysis of mean body mass index found there was a progressive growth in all cities. The worst health perceptions showed higher values of body mass index in both sexes. We observed the existence of obese people assessing their health positively. Conclusion: Self-rated health remained relatively constant whereas the body mass index continued to grow between 2008 and 2014. The self-rated health of individuals with high body mass index (>30 kg/m2) does not seem to be directly related to their weight. Therefore, it is important to analyze the association of these two variables controlling for morbidity, health behaviors (smoking and alcohol consumption, physical activity and diet), and sociodemographic factors.

Agreement assessment between hemoglobin and hematocrit to detect anemia prevalence in children less than 5 years old / Avaliação da concordância entre hemoglobina e hematócrito para detectar prevalência de anemia em crianças menores de 5 anos

Abstract This study aimed to assess the extent of agreement between hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht), while also verifying whether anemia prevalence can be determined by hematocrit cut-off points. A hundred pairs of capillary Hb and Ht of children less than 5 years old were analyzed. The Hb and Ht concentrations were measured using HemoCue and microhematocrit centrifuge, respectively. The Bland and Altman’s method was used to assess the agreement between ‘observed Hb’ and ‘Hb estimated through Ht’ (Hb = Ht/3). The ROC curve was constructed based on the reference to anemia classification according to Hb. The subjects were classified according to the status of anemia obtained through the Ht, also evaluating the agreement regarding Hb. The area under the ROC curve identified that Ht <35% correctly classified 85% of subjects with Hb <11.0 g/dL. However, the cut-off point of <33% showed higher kappa (k = 0.49 against 0.41) and higher relative agreement (82% vs. 74%) compared to Ht <35%. Our findings indicate that capillary Hb and Ht could be used either together or separately to assess the prevalence of anemia. Considering the need to identify iron deficiency anemia with a single indicator in population studies, the use of Ht would be simpler and cost-saving.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o grau de concordância entre a hemoglobina (Hb) e o hematócrito (Ht), para verificar se a prevalência de anemia pode ser determinada pelo hematócrito. Cem pares de Hb e Ht capilar de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade foram analisados. A concentração de Ht e Hb foi medida utilizando centrífuga para microhematócrito e HemoCue, respectivamente. A análise de Bland e Altman foi utilizada para avaliar as diferenças entre os valores observados de Hb e de Hb estimada através de hematócrito (Hb = Ht / 3). A curva ROC foi calculada com referência à classificação de anemia ferropriva, a partir dos resultados de Hb. Os indivíduos foram classificados de acordo com o estado de anemia a partir do Ht, comparando com a avaliação obtida a partir da Hb. A área sob a curva ROC permite identificar que Ht <35% corretamente classificava 85% dos indivíduos com Hb <11,0 g/dL. No entanto, o ponto de corte Ht <33% apresentou maior kappa (k = 0,49 contra 0,41) e concordância relativa mais elevada (82% vs. 74%) em comparação com Ht <35%. A hemoglobina e o hematócrito capilar podem ser usados em conjunto ou separadamente para avaliar a prevalência de anemia. Considerando a necessidade de identificar a anemia ferropriva com um único indicador em estudos populacionais, a utilização do Ht seria mais simples e econômica.

ERICA: use of screens and consumption of meals and snacks by Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To describe the length of exposure to screens and the prevalence of consumption of meals and snacks by Brazilian adolescents in front of screens. METHODS We evaluated 74,589 12 to 17-year old adolescents from 1,247 schools in 124 Brazilian municipalities. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Its segment regarding nutrition contained questions about using TV, computers, and video game systems, having meals while watching TV, and consuming snacks in front of screens. Consumption of meals and snacks in front of screens was analyzed according to the following variables: geographical region, gender, age range, type of school (public or private), and school shift. The prevalences and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated under a complex sampling design. RESULTS A great deal of the adolescents (51.8% IC95% 50.7-53.0) [corrected] reported spending two or more hours a day in front of screens. That habit was more frequent among male adolescents, private school students, morning shift students, and students from Brazil's South region. More than half of the adolescents (56.6%, 95%CI 55.4-57.8) reported almost always or always having meals in front of TV, and 39.6% (95%CI 38.8-40.5) of them said they consumed snacks in front of screens exactly as often. Both situations were the most prevalent ones among the girls, who attended public schools and were from Brazil's Midwest region. CONCLUSIONS Length of exposure to screens and consumption of meals and snacks almost always or always in front of screens are high among Brazilian adolescents. It is necessary to develop strategies aiming to reduce the length of screen use, considering the media reality that children and adolescents have been experiencing from earlier and earlier ages. That context must therefore be analyzed in an indissociable way.

ERICA: prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We evaluated 37,504 adolescents who were participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a cross-sectional, school-based, national study. The adolescents, aged from 12 to 17 years, lived in cities with populations greater than 100,000 inhabitants. The sample was stratified and clustered into schools and classes. The criteria set out by the International Diabetes Federation were used to define metabolic syndrome. Prevalences of metabolic syndrome were estimated according to sex, age group, school type and nutritional status. RESULTS Of the 37,504 adolescents who were evaluated: 50.2% were female; 54.3% were aged from 15 to 17 years, and 73.3% were from public schools. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 2.6% (95%CI 2.3-2.9), slightly higher in males and in those aged from 15 to 17 years in most macro-regions. The prevalence was the highest in residents from the South macro-region, in the younger female adolescents and in the older male adolescents. The prevalence was higher in public schools (2.8% [95%CI 2.4-3.2]), when compared with private schools (1.9% [95%CI 1.4-2.4]) and higher in obese adolescents when compared with nonobese ones. The most common combinations of components, referring to 3/4 of combinations, were: enlarged waist circumference (WC), low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) and high blood pressure; followed by enlarged WC, low HDL-c and high triglycerides; and enlarged WC, low HDL-c, high triglycerides and blood pressure. Low HDL was the second most frequent component, but the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome (26.8%) was observed in the presence of high triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS ERICA is the first Brazilian nation-wide study to present the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and describe the role of its components. Despite the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome being low, the high prevalences of some components and participation of others in the syndrome composition shows the importance of early diagnosis of this changes, even if not grouped within the metabolic syndrome.

ERICA: prevalences of hypertension and obesity in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of arterial hypertension and obesity and the population attributable fraction of hypertension that is due to obesity in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS Data from participants in the Brazilian Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which was the first national school-based, cross-section study performed in Brazil were evaluated. The sample was divided into 32 geographical strata and clusters from 32 schools and classes, with regional and national representation. Obesity was classified using the body mass index according to age and sex. Arterial hypertension was defined when the average systolic or diastolic blood pressure was greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the reference curve. Prevalences and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) of arterial hypertension and obesity, both on a national basis and in the macro-regions of Brazil, were estimated by sex and age group, as were the fractions of hypertension attributable to obesity in the population. RESULTS We evaluated 73,399 students, 55.4% female, with an average age of 14.7 years (SD = 1.6). The prevalence of hypertension was 9.6% (95%CI 9.0-10.3); with the lowest being in the North, 8.4% (95%CI 7.7-9.2) and Northeast regions, 8.4% (95%CI 7.6-9.2), and the highest being in the South, 12.5% (95%CI 11.0-14.2). The prevalence of obesity was 8.4% (95%CI 7.9-8.9), which was lower in the North region and higher in the South region. The prevalences of arterial hypertension and obesity were higher in males. Obese adolescents presented a higher prevalence of hypertension, 28.4% (95%CI 25.5-31.2), than overweight adolescents, 15.4% (95%CI 17.0-13.8), or eutrophic adolescents, 6.3% (95%CI 5.6-7.0). The fraction of hypertension attributable to obesity was 17.8%. CONCLUSIONS ERICA was the first nationally representative Brazilian study providing prevalence estimates of hypertension in adolescents. Regional and sex differences were observed. The study indicates that the control of obesity would lower the prevalence of hypertension among Brazilian adolescents by 1/5.

ERICA: use of screens and consumption of meals and snacks by Brazilian adolescents / ERICA: uso de telas e consumo de refeições e petiscos por adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the length of exposure to screens and the prevalence of consumption of meals and snacks by Brazilian adolescents in front of screens. METHODS We evaluated 74,589 12 to 17-year old adolescents from 1,247 schools in 124 Brazilian municipalities. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Its segment regarding nutrition contained questions about using TV, computers, and video game systems, having meals while watching TV, and consuming snacks in front of screens. Consumption of meals and snacks in front of screens was analyzed according to the following variables: geographical region, gender, age range, type of school (public or private), and school shift. The prevalences and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated under a complex sampling design. RESULTS A great deal of the adolescents (73.5%, 95%CI 72.3-74.7) reported spending two or more hours a day in front of screens. That habit was more frequent among male adolescents, private school students, morning shift students, and students from Brazil’s South region. More than half of the adolescents (56.6%, 95%CI 55.4-57.8) reported almost always or always having meals in front of TV, and 39.6% (95%CI 38.8-40.5) of them said they consumed snacks in front of screens exactly as often. Both situations were the most prevalent ones among the girls, who attended public schools and were from Brazil’s Midwest region. CONCLUSIONS Length of exposure to screens and consumption of meals and snacks almost always or always in front of screens are high among Brazilian adolescents. It is necessary to develop strategies aiming to reduce the length of screen use, considering the media reality that children and adolescents have been experiencing from earlier and earlier ages. That context must therefore be analyzed in an indissociable way.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever o tempo de exposição às telas e a prevalência de consumo de refeições e petiscos em frente a telas em adolescentes brasileiros. MÉTODOS Foram avaliados 74.589 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos de 1.247 escolas em 124 municípios brasileiros. Foi utilizado questionário autopreenchível, cujo bloco sobre alimentação continha perguntas sobre o uso de TV, computador e videogames, realização de refeições assistindo TV e consumo de petiscos em frente a telas. O consumo de refeições e petiscos em frente a telas foi analisado segundo as variáveis: região geográfica, sexo, faixa etária, tipo de escola (pública ou particular) e turno de estudo. Foram estimadas prevalências e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, considerando-se o desenho de amostra complexa. RESULTADOS Grande parte dos adolescentes (73,5%, IC95% 72,3-74,7) referiu passar duas ou mais horas por dia em frente às telas. Esse hábito foi mais frequente entre os adolescentes do sexo masculino, de escola particular, do turno da manhã e da região Sul do País. Mais da metade dos adolescentes (56,6%, IC95% 55,4-57,8) relatou realizar as refeições quase sempre ou sempre em frente à TV, e 39,6% (IC95% 38,8-40,5) consumiam petiscos em frente às telas com essa mesma frequência. Ambas as situações foram mais prevalentes entre as meninas, que estudavam na rede pública de ensino e da região Centro-Oeste. CONCLUSÕES O tempo de exposição às telas e o consumo de refeições e petiscos quase sempre ou sempre em frente a telas é elevado entre os adolescentes brasileiros. Faz-se necessário desenvolver estratégias que visem à redução do tempo de uso de telas, considerando a realidade midiática que crianças e adolescentes têm vivenciado de forma cada vez mais precoce, devendo-se, portanto, trabalhar esse contexto de forma indissociável.

Anemia e nível de hemoglobina em gestantes de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil, antes e após a fortificação compulsória de farinhas com ferro e ácido fólico, 2003-2006 / Anemia and hemoglobin levels in pregnant women from Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, before and after the mandatory flour fortification with iron and folic acid, 2003-2006 / Anemia y niveles de hemoglobina en mujeres embarazadas de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil, antes y después de la fortificación obligatoria de la harina con hierro y ácido fólico, 2003-2006

OBJETIVO: avaliar a prevalência de anemia e níveis de hemoglobina de gestantes, antes e após a fortificação compulsória de farinhas com ferro, e os fatores associados. MÉTODOS: foram comparadas duas amostras transversais independentes de gestantes de Cuiabá-MT, Brasil (2003 a 2006), alocadas em dois grupos - não fortificado (n=414) e fortificado (n=539); realizou-se análise de regressão logística e linear, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: não houve diferença entre os grupos não fortificado e fortificado, na prevalência de anemia (22,2% e 27,8%, respectivamente; p=0,051) e no nível de hemoglobina (ambos com média de 11,7g/dL; p=0,058); maior prevalência de anemia e menor média de hemoglobina associaram-se com maior número de gestações anteriores, maior idade gestacional e baixo peso no início da gestação. CONCLUSÕES: não se encontrou efeito significativo da fortificação compulsória de farinhas, embora a avaliação da gestação indique alta prevalência de anemia e variáveis importantes a serem consideradas.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate prevalence of anemia and hemoglobin levels among pregnant women before and after mandatory flour fortification with iron, and to investigate associated factors. METHODS: We compared two independent cross-sectional samples of pregnant women from Cuiaba-MT, Brazil (2003 to 2006), divided into two groups: not-fortified (n=414) and fortified (n=539); we conducted logistic and linear regression analysis, with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: there were no differences between the not-fortified and fortified groups with regard to the prevalence of anemia (22.2% and 27.8%, respectively; p=0.051) and hemoglobin level (mean=11.7g/dL; p=0.058); higher anemia prevalence and lower mean hemoglobin levels were associated with a higher number of previous pregnancies, greater gestational age and lower weight in early pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: the study shows no significant effect of mandatory flour fortification with iron, but it highlights an important prevalence of anemia and associated factors that must be considered in the evaluation of anemia in pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: evaluar la prevalencia de anemia y niveles de hemoglobina en mujeres embarazadas antes y después de la fortificación obligatoria de la harina con hierro y los factores asociados. MÉTODOS: se compararon dos muestras transversales independientes de mujeres embarazadas de Cuiabá-MT, Brasil (2003-2006), divididos en dos grupos: no-fortificado (n=414) y fortificado (n=539); realizamos análisis de regresión logística y lineal, con nivel de significación de 5%. RESULTADOS: no hubo diferencia, entre los grupos, en la prevalencia de anemia (22,2% y 27,8%, respectivamente; p=0,051) o en la concentración de hemoglobina (media en ambos=11,7g/dL; p=0,058); mayor prevalencia de anemia y menor concentración de hemoglobina se asociaron con mayor número de embarazos previos, mayor edad y bajo peso al inicio del embarazo. CONCLUSIONES: no encontramos un efecto significativo de la fortificación obligatoria de harinas, sin embargo mostramos una alta prevalencia de anemia y variables importantes que deben ser consideradas en la evaluación de anemia en el embarazo.

The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents--ERICA: rationale, design and sample characteristics of a national survey examining cardiovascular risk factor profile in Brazilian adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, "ERICA") is a multicenter, school-based country-wide cross-sectional study funded by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, which aims at estimating the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including those included in the definition of the metabolic syndrome, in a random sample of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in Brazilian cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Approximately 85,000 students were assessed in public and private schools. Brazil is a continental country with a heterogeneous population of 190 million living in its five main geographic regions (North, Northeast, Midwest, South and Southeast). ERICA is a pioneering study that will assess the prevalence rates of cardiovascular risk factors in Brazilian adolescents using a sample with national and regional representativeness. This paper describes the rationale, design and procedures of ERICA. METHODS/DESIGN: Participants answered a self-administered questionnaire using an electronic device, in order to obtain information on demographic and lifestyle characteristics, including physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, sleeping hours, common mental disorders and reproductive and oral health. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-hour dietary recall. Anthropometric measures (weight, height and waist circumference) and blood pressure were also be measured. Blood was collected from a subsample of approximately 44,000 adolescents for measurements of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin. DISCUSSION: The study findings will be instrumental to the development of public policies aiming at the prevention of obesity, atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes in an adolescent population.

Prevalence of and factors associated with overweight among university students from Rio Branco, Acre - Brazil / Prevalência e fatores associados ao excesso de peso em universitários do município de Rio Branco, Acre - Brasil

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with overweight among university students from the city of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,104 students (mean age: 24 years) from Rio Branco, Acre. Overweight was used as the dependent variable. The following independent variables were studied: socioeconomic variables (gender, age, teaching institution, period of study, marital status, income, household members, living with other people, parent's education level, and working or not); self-reported health and morbidity variables (health perception, hypertension, diabetes, and altered cholesterol); lifestyle variables (physical activity, watching television, computer use, smoking, and alcohol consumption). The nutritional status was classified based on body mass index. Univariate analysis was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. Variables with a p value < 20% on univariate analysis were included in the multiple Poisson regression model. The prevalence of overweight was 35.6%. In the multiple regression model for male students adjusted for age, overweight was associated with marital status, household income, hypertension, and watching television every day. In the model for female students, the variables that remained associated were self-perceived health status, hypertension, and alcohol consumption in the last month. Overweight is determined by a combination of different factors which differed in the present study between men and women.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a prevalência e fatores associados ao excesso de peso em Universitários do Município de Rio Branco, Acre. Estudo transversal, com 1104 universitários do município de Rio Branco - Acre, com média de idade de 24 anos. O estudo teve como variável dependente o excesso de peso. As variáveis independentes consideradas foram: socioeconômicas - sexo, idade, instituição de ensino, turno de estudo, estado civil, renda, moradores da casa, mora com, escolaridade dos pais, trabalha; Variáveis de Saúde e morbidade autorreferida - percepção de saúde, hipertensão, diabetes e colesterol; e variáveis de estilo de vida - atividade física, televisão, computador, tabagismo e álcool. O estado nutricional foi classificado pelo Índice de Massa Corporal. A análise univariada foi realizada por meio do teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ou exato de Fisher. Valores de p< 20%, na análise univariada, foram incluídos no modelo múltiplo de regressão de Poisson. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 35,6%. No modelo múltiplo para o sexo masculino ajustado pela faixa etária, o excesso de peso esteve associado a estado civil, renda familiar, hipertensão arterial e televisão todos os dias. No modelo para o sexo feminino, as variáveis que permaneceram associadas foram: percepção de saúde autorreferida, hipertensão arterial e consumo de álcool no último mês. O excesso de peso é determinado pela associação de diferentes fatores que, no presente estudo, mostraram-se distintos para o sexo masculino e feminino.

Mortalidade infantil neonatal: estudo das causas evitáveis em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 2007* / Neonatal mortality: study of avoidable causes in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, 2007

Objetivo: descrever o perfil dos óbitos neonatais em Cuiabá, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, em 2007. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos óbitos neonatais utilizando dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM); as causas foram classificadas conforme a Lista de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde; foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade neonatal por período e as causas dos óbitos. Resultados: foram estudados 79 óbitos; a taxa de mortalidade infantil neonatal foi de 8,7/1.000 nascidos vivos (NV); o maior número de mortes ocorreu no período neonatal precoce (6,8/1000 NV); as principais causas foram prematuridade (n=21), septicemia do recém-nascido (n=14), anencefalia (n=14) e síndrome da angústia respiratória (n=12); entre os 65 óbitos considerados evitáveis, 35 foram por inadequada assistência à mulher na gestação e no parto e 30 por inadequada atenção ao recém-nascido. Conclusão: em sua maioria, os óbitos neonatais estudados foram considerados evitáveis.

Objective: to describe neonatal deaths in Cuiabá-MT, Brazil, in 2007. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted using Mortality Information System data on neonatal mortality. Cases were classified according to the Unified Health System List of Causes of Deaths which could be avoided by interventions. Neonatal mortality rates were calculated per period and by causes. Results: 79 deaths studied. The neonatal mortality rate was 8.7 per 1000 Live Births (LB). The highest number of deaths occurred in the early neonatal period (6.8/1000 LB). The main causes of death were prematurity (n=21), sepsis (n=14), anencephaly (n=14) and respiratory distress syndrome (n=12). 65 deaths were considered avoidable, 35 owing to inadequate health care during pregnancy and delivery and 30 owing to inadequate care of the newborn. Conclusion: most of the neonatal deaths studied were considered avoidable.

Anemia in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron.

OBJECTIVE: To compare prevalence of anemia and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional panel study of public health care centers of municipalities in the five Brazilian regions was conducted. Retrospective data were obtained from 12,119 medical records of pregnant women distributed in two groups: before fortification (delivery prior to June 2004) and after fortification (date of last period after June 2005). Anemia was defined as Hb<11.0 g/dl. Hb levels according to gestational age were assessed using two references from the literature. Statistical analysis was carried out using chi-squared tests, Student's t tests, and logistic regression, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: In the total sample, prevalence of anemia fell from 25% to 20% after fortification (p<0.001). However, important regional differences were evident: while significant reductions were seen in the Northeast (37% to 29%) and North (32% to 25%) regions, where pre-fortification prevalence was high, smaller reductions were seen in the Southeast (18% to 15%) and South (7% to 6%) regions, where prevalence was low. Hb levels according to gestational age were slightly higher in the first months of pregnancy and lower after the third or fourth months, depending on the reference used. Logistic regression analysis showed that group, geographic region, marital status, trimester of pregnancy, initial nutritional status, and prior pregnancy were associated with anemia (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of anemia decreased after fortification, but remains high in the North and Northeast regions. Although fortification may have played a role in this favorable outcome, the contribution of other public policies implemented during the studied period should also be considered.

Anemia em gestantes brasileiras antes e após a fortificação das farinhas com ferro / Anemia in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron / Anemia en gestantes brasileñas antes y después de la fortificación de harinas con hierro

OBJETIVO: Comparar prevalência de anemia e valores de hemoglobina (Hb) em gestantes brasileiras, antes e após a fortificação das farinhas com ferro. MÉTODOS: Estudo de avaliação de painéis repetidos, desenvolvido em serviços públicos de saúde de municípios das cinco regiões brasileiras. Dados retrospectivos foram obtidos de 12.119 prontuários de gestantes distribuídas em dois grupos: antes da fortificação, com parto anterior a junho de 2004, e após a fortificação, com última menstruação após junho de 2005. Anemia foi definida como Hb < 11,0 g/dL. Valores de Hb/idade gestacional foram avaliados segundo dois referenciais da literatura. Foram utilizados teste qui-quadrado, t de Student e regressão logística, com nível de 5 por cento de significância. RESULTADOS: Na amostra total, anemia caiu de 25 por cento para 20 por cento após fortificação (p < 0,001), com médias de Hb significativamente maiores no grupo "após" (p < 0,001). Observaram-se, entretanto, diferenças regionais importantes: reduções significativas nas regiões Nordeste (37 por cento para 29 por cento) e Norte (32 por cento para 25 por cento), onde as prevalências de anemia eram elevadas antes da fortificação, e reduções menores nas regiões Sudeste (18 por cento para 15 por cento) e Sul (7 por cento para 6 por cento), onde as prevalências eram baixas. Os níveis de Hb/idade gestacional de ambos os grupos se mostraram discretamente mais elevados nos primeiros meses, porém bem mais baixos após o terceiro ou quarto mês, dependendo da referência utilizada para comparação. Análise de regressão logística mostrou que grupo, região geográfica, situação conjugal, trimestre gestacional, estado nutricional inicial e gestação anterior associaram-se com anemia (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de anemia diminuiu após a fortificação, porém continua elevada nas regiões Nordeste e Norte. Embora a fortificação possa ter tido papel nesse resultado favorável, há que se considerar a contribuição de outras políticas públicas implementadas no período estudado.

OBJECTIVE: To compare prevalence of anemia and hemoglobin (Hb) levels in Brazilian pregnant women before and after flour fortification with iron. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional panel study of public health care centers of municipalities in the five Brazilian regions was conducted. Retrospective data were obtained from 12,119 medical records of pregnant women distributed in two groups: before fortification (delivery prior to June 2004) and after fortification (date of last period after June 2005). Anemia was defined as Hb<11.0 g/dl. Hb levels according to gestational age were assessed using two references from the literature. Statistical analysis was carried out using chi-squared tests, Student's t tests, and logistic regression, with a significance level of 5 percent. RESULTS: In the total sample, prevalence of anemia fell from 25 percent to 20 percent after fortification (p<0.001). However, important regional differences were evident: while significant reductions were seen in the Northeast (37 percent to 29 percent) and North (32 percent to 25 percent) regions, where pre-fortification prevalence was high, smaller reductions were seen in the Southeast (18 percent to 15 percent) and South (7 percent to 6 percent) regions, where prevalence was low. Hb levels according to gestational age were slightly higher in the first months of pregnancy and lower after the third or fourth months, depending on the reference used. Logistic regression analysis showed that group, geographic region, marital status, trimester of pregnancy, initial nutritional status, and prior pregnancy were associated with anemia (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of anemia decreased after fortification, but remains high in the North and Northeast regions. Although fortification may have played a role in this favorable outcome, the contribution of other public policies implemented during the studied period should also be considered.

OBJETIVO: Comparar prevalencia de anemia y valores de hemoglobina (Hb) en gestantes brasileñas, antes y después de la fortificación de las harinas con hierro. MÉTODOS: Estudio de evaluación de paneles repetidos, desarrollado en servicios públicos de salud de municipios de las cinco regiones brasileñas. Datos retrospectivos se obtuvieron de 12.119 prontuarios de gestantes distribuidas en dos grupos: antes de la fortificación, con parto anterior a junio de 2004, y posterior a la fortificación, con última menstruación después de junio 2005. Anemia fue definida como Hb<11,0 g/dL. Valores de Hb/edad gestacional fueron evaluados según dos referenciales de la literatura. Se utilizaron prueba de chi-cuadrado, t de Student y regresión logística, con nivel de 5 por ciento de significancia. RESULTADOS: En la muestra total, anemia disminuyó de 25 por ciento a 20 por ciento después de la fortificación (p<0,001), con promedios de Hb significativamente mayores en el grupo "posterior" (p<0,001). Se observaron, sin embargo, diferencias regionales importantes: reducciones significativas en las regiones Noreste (de 37 por ciento a 29 por ciento) y Norte (de 32 por ciento a 25 por ciento), donde las prevalencias de anemia eran elevadas antes de la fortificación; y reducciones menores en las regiones Sureste (de 18 por ciento a 15 por ciento) y Sur (de 7 por ciento a 6 por ciento), donde las prevalencias eran bajas. Los niveles de Hb/edad gestacional de ambos grupos se mostraron discretamente mas elevados en los primeros meses, aunque mucho mas bajos posterior al tercero o cuarto mes, dependiendo de la referencia utilizada para comparación. Análisis de regresión logística mostró cual grupo, región geográfica, situación conyugal, trimestre gestacional, estado nutricional inicial y gestación anterior se asociaron con anemia (p<0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de anemia disminuyó posterior a la fortificación, aunque continua elevada en las regiones Noreste y Norte. A pesar de que la fortificación pueda haber tenido papel en este resultado favorable, hay que considerar la contribución de otras políticas públicas implementadas en el periodo estudiado.

Anemia em gestantes de municípios das regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste do Brasil / Anemia en mujeres enbarazadas de ciudades de regiones Sur y Centro-Oeste de Brasil / Anemia in pregnant women from two cities in the South and Mid-West Regions of Brazil

Objetivou-se analisar a distribuição da anemia em gestantes da rede básica de saúde de dois municípios, na região Sul e Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Estudo transversal retrospectivo e descritivo desenvolvido a partir de dados de prontuários de 954 e 781 gestantes em Cuiabá-MT e Maringá-PR, respectivamente. Coletaram-se dados de caracterização sociodemográfica, de pré-natal e indicadores sociais. Foram consideradas anêmicas, as mulheres com hemoglobina inferior a 11g/dL. A desigualdade social existente entre os municípios foi evidente. Gestantes atendidas em Cuiabá-MT apresentavam características sociodemográficas significativamente mais precárias. A prevalência de anemia era significativamente maior e valores médios de hemoglobina menores em Cuiabá-MT, independentemente da idade gestacional. Encontrou-se associação dos níveis de hemoglobina com a idade, situação conjugal, número de gestações anteriores, estado nutricional e trimestre gestacional. As diferenças regionais na ocorrência da anemia gestacional são socialmente determinadas, o que deve ser considerado nas propostas de intervenção em saúde coletiva.

We aimed to analyze anemia distribution in pregnant women who were attending health services in two cities in the South and Mid-West Regions in Brazil. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study developed from 954 and 781 medical records data in Cuiabá-MT and Maringá-PR. We collected data of social and demographic features as well as pre-natal care. Women who presented hemoglobin lower then 11g/dL were considered having anemia. Social inequity between the two cities was evident. Pregnant women from Cuiabá-MT were significantly poorer then those from Maringá-PR. Anemia prevalence was higher and means of hemoglobin were lower in Cuiabá-MT, apart from gestational age. We found that the age, marital status, number of previous pregnancies, nutritional status and gestational trimester were associated with the level of hemoglobin. Regional differences in the occurrence of anemia are social determined and should be considered in the proposal of interventions in the public health field.

Se analizó la distribución de anemia en mujeres embarazadas asistidas en servicios básicos de salud de dos ciudades de las regiones Sur y Centro-Oeste de Brasil. Estudio transversal retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se usó datos de registros médicos de 954 y 781 embarazadas de Cuiabá-MT y Maringá-PR, respectivamente. Se recopilaron datos sobre características sociodemográficas, atención prenatal e indicadores sociales. Hemoglobina-Hb<11g/dL definió anemia. La desigualdad entre las ciudades fue evidente. Embarazadas de Cuiabá-MT tenían características socio-demográficas más precarias. Prevalencia de anemia fue significativamente más alta y la media de Hb más baja en Cuiabá-MT, independiente del tiempo de embarazo. Se encontró asociación entre niveles de Hb y características sociodemográficas y de prenatal con la edad, estado civil, embarazos previos, estado nutricional y trimestre de embarazo. Diferencias regionales fueron importantes en la incidencia de anemia, en especial los indicadores sociales, facto a considerar en las propuestas de intervención en salud pública.

[Conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence of the Brazilian version of the Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS) instrument for evaluating lower urinary tract dysfunction in children]. / Equivalência conceitual, de itens e semântica da versão brasileira do instrumento Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS) para avaliação de disfunção do trato urinário inferior em crianças.

This article investigates the conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence between the Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS) originally developed in English and a Portuguese-language version for use in Brazil. The instrument is used to evaluate lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. The first stage evaluated the conceptual and item equivalence, followed by two independent translations of the original instrument into Portuguese. In the second stage, 63 individuals were interviewed and items were modified according to difficulties in interpretation. In the third stage, the Portuguese instrument was back-translated into English, and the semantic equivalence was evaluated, based on referential and general (connotative) meaning. In the fourth stage, the pre-test version of the instrument was applied to 20 individuals from the target population. The Portuguese version of the instrument is presented with conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence. Nevertheless, unlike the original instrument, DVSS information collection was more adequate for the Brazilian population when performed through interviews as compared to self-applied questionnaires.

Equivalência conceitual, de itens e semântica da versão brasileira do instrumento Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS) para avaliação de disfunção do trato urinário inferior em crianças / Conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence of the Brazilian version of the Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS) instrument for evaluating lower urinary tract dysfunction in children

Investiga-se a equivalência conceitual, de itens e semântica entre o instrumento Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS), utilizado para avaliar a disfunção funcional do trato urinário inferior em crianças, concebido em inglês e uma versão em português. Na primeira etapa realizou-se a avaliação da equivalência conceitual e de itens, seguida de duas traduções do instrumento original para o português. Na segunda etapa foram realizadas 63 entrevistas, com crianças de 3 a 10 anos e responsáveis, e modificação de itens segundo dificuldades de interpretação. Na terceira etapa foi realizada a retradução do instrumento em português para o inglês e avaliação da equivalência semântica. Na quarta etapa, a versão pré-teste foi aplicada em vinte duplas de crianças de 3 a 10 anos e responsáveis. Apresenta-se o instrumento em português com equivalência conceitual, de itens e semântica. Sugere-se que a aplicação do DVSS seja realizada por meio de entrevista por profissional treinado e não baseada em autopreenchimento como proposto no instrumento original.

This article investigates the conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence between the Dysfunctional Voiding Scoring System (DVSS) originally developed in English and a Portuguese-language version for use in Brazil. The instrument is used to evaluate lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. The first stage evaluated the conceptual and item equivalence, followed by two independent translations of the original instrument into Portuguese. In the second stage, 63 individuals were interviewed and items were modified according to difficulties in interpretation. In the third stage, the Portuguese instrument was back-translated into English, and the semantic equivalence was evaluated, based on referential and general (connotative) meaning. In the fourth stage, the pre-test version of the instrument was applied to 20 individuals from the target population. The Portuguese version of the instrument is presented with conceptual, item, and semantic equivalence. Nevertheless, unlike the original instrument, DVSS information collection was more adequate for the Brazilian population when performed through interviews as compared to self-applied questionnaires.

[Breast feeding determinants on the first year of life of children in a city of Midwestern Brazil]. / Determinantes da amamentação no primeiro ano de vida em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso.

OBJECTIVE: To assess risk factors for breastfeeding discontinuation and weaning among children less than one year old. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in children under one year of age brought by their caregivers to immunization units in the city of Cuiabá, Midwestern Brazil, in 2004. Sampling first comprised drawing immunization units and then children in each unit were systematically drawn. Data was collected through semi-structured questionnaires applied to children's caregivers investigating social and demographic variables, as well as variables related to birth and maternal characteristics, pacifier use and feeding on the first day at home. Descriptive statistical and logistic regression analyses of risk factors by age group were conducted and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. RESULTS: A total of 920 children under one year of age were studied, of which 205 were less than 120 days old and 275 were less than 180 days old. Pacifier use, offering tea to children on their first day at home, and being a child of a mother with first or second grade schooling or primapara posed an increased risk for not being on exclusive breastfeeding at the age of 120 days. All these factors were also significantly associated in those under 180 days old, except tea offering, which was not investigated for this age group. Among children less than one year old, pacifier use was the only variable that remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: Social and cultural factors were determinants of breastfeeding status. Maternal education and awareness are crucial to prevent practices that can negatively affect breastfeeding.